CO2 is a non-toxic gas; no pollutant;
we use it a lot in our daily life (soda "pop" and other carbonated drinks like beer and champagne; baking soda; fire extinguishers; life jackets; and more...); and it has
only a trace concentration in the air (some 0.04% by volume - as in a dry atmosphere). CO2 is FUNDAMENTAL for most organic life on Earth (photosynthesis
and breathing), which supplies us with the vital oxygen, which we need to breathe in order to survive. More CO2 and solar energy will make the plants produce more oxygen - and more carbohydrates, i.e. our food.
Some 9 million people die of hunger every year. More CO2 in the air would therefore be the best for humanity! This message I have delivered at hearings in the Norwegian Parliament (Oslo), the European Parliament (Brussels), and the US Senate (Washington, D.C.),
where I have said that actions with the intent of reducing the atmosphere's content of the gas of life CO2 violate the declarations of Human Rights!
The stable 13C/12C carbon isotopes in the air's CO2 (Segalstad 1992, and later) give us the only way to determine its anthropogenic fraction: maximum ~4%. This fraction would account for
less than 0.5 W/m2, less than 0.1% of the Greenhouse Effect, or ~0.1°C. Clouds have far more temperature regulating power than atmospheric CO2.
~96% of the air CO2 comes from non-fossil-fuel sources, i.e. natural inorganic marine and volcanic degassing. But our stable carbon isotope analysis cannot separate organogenic CO2
from organisms, and CO2 from burnt fossil fuel. When studying satellite CO2 maps, we can estimate that some 3% of CO2 in air comes from organisms,
and only some 1% of the already low amount of CO2 in air comes from anthropogenic burning of fossil fuels (Segalstad 2018).
Hence the anthropogenic contribution to the global temperature would be some
~0.025°C - completely negligible. Harde (2017; in the scientific journal "Global and Planetary Change") has calculated the anthropogenic part of CO2 in the air to be only 0.7%.
Isotopic mass balance calculation (Segalstad 1992, and later) finds an air CO2 lifetime (halflife) ~5 years, like many other studies with other methods. ~18% of air CO2 is exchanged
annually in nature, about 20 times more than added anthropogenically. The ocean's upper 200 m has enough calcium to bind ALL remaining fossil
fuel CO2 as calcium carbonate, which will precipitate, and not dissolve in the upper ocean.
IPCC's models for the future climate of the Earth is based on an assumption that anthropogenic doubling of the CO2 level in the air will lead to a higher temperature in the air.
Henry's Law dictates that anthropogenic doubling of the global air CO2 is
impossible. Furthermore, the Lambert-Beer Law points out that there is an exponential attenuation of the "Greenhouse Effect" for further additions of "Greenhouse Effect" gases, like CO2.
These effects by well established laws of nature have not been considered in the IPCC predictions!
The ocean pH varies considerably in surface water due to temperature. The pH buffers in the ocean constitute an almost infinite
buffer capacity, hence the assertion on anthropogenic acidification of the upper ocean, and dissolution of lime there, is not realistic.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) has published that the global anthropogenic releases of CO2 were constant (not rising) in 2014, 2015, and 2016.
But for these years the apparent CO2 (measured by non-validated instrumental analyses) in the air was continuously rising, and the global temperature has been
almost constant for some 20 years (as of 2018). This constitutes a proof that the apparently rising CO2 level in the air is NOT caused by increasing
anthropogenic releases of CO2 - and that apparently rising CO2 levels are NOT causing increasing global temperatures.
No scientific experiments have yet shown that increasing amounts of the very low amount of CO2 in the air will lead to higher air temperatures.
All nations in the world are now misled by IPCC to believe that IPCC's computer modeling of an increasing CO2 level in air will lead to global warming and all kinds of catastrophes - without any proofs at all.
The Sun' s heat radiation is the primary power for making a global climate on Earth. But the Sun's radiation is not constant!
The last solar sunspot cycle (No. 24) is the weakest since the late 1700s, when the 40 year long
"Dalton solar minimum" started (1790-1830). This solar minimum was associated with lower solar irradiance, and hence lower global temperature.
From 1645 to 1715 we had the "Maunder solar minimum" (1645-1715) coexisting with "The Little Ice Age" on Earth - a bitter cold period indeed.
Therefore it is most likely that we are now heading for a new solar minimum with weaker solar radiation, making a colder global climate on Earth, may be lasting for some decades - just because of a "quieter" Sun,
regardless of the levels of CO2 and other "greenhouse gases" in the Earth's atmosphere.
These facts are not included in IPCC's prognoses for "a warmer, wetter, and wilder" global climate on Earth. On the contrary, the Earth's global climate has varied throughout the Earth's history -
and will continue to vary by natural forces, much stronger than the powers which humans have access to.
A number of peer-reviewed scientific papers are linked below, documenting the abstract above. Enjoy your reading, and please note the facts.
December 2018: The Non-governmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) was this month publishing another report:
Climate Change Reconsidered II (CCR-II) - Fossil Fuels. The individual chapters of the report can be downloaded from this web page (click; in PDF format),
and the whole report in one PDF file (20.65 megabyte), as well as a Summary for Policymakers, and a press release.
March 2014: The Non-governmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) was this month publishing another ~1000 (1062) page report:
Climate Change Reconsidered II (CCR-II) - Biological Impacts.
See HERE
my NIPCC chapter about sea water chemistry, explaining why there cannot be acidification of the oceans from anthropogenic carbon dioxide.
See HERE
a comparison between the NIPCC and the IPCC reports, published by Climate Depot on 31 March 2013.
September 2013: The Non-governmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) has this month published their 1000 page report:
Climate Change Reconsidered II (CCR-II) - Physical Science.
Tom V. Segalstad has been a contributor also to the NIPCC reports, and he has been part of NIPCC since its beginning in April 2007.
For the earlier reports from NIPCC, please go to near the end of this web page.
For a press release about the NIPCC 2013 Report click HERE.
Klikk på bildet over for å laste ned den norske oversettelsen av sammendrag for beslutningstagere (PDF; 3,3 Mbyte).
The distribution of CO2 between atmosphere,
hydrosphere, and lithosphere; minimal influence from
anthropogenic CO2 on the global "Greenhouse Effect". Published 1996 In Emsley, J. (Ed.): The Global Warming Debate.
The Report of the European Science and Environment Forum. Bourne Press Ltd., Bournemouth, Dorset, U.K. (ISBN 0952773406), pp. 41-50.
Segalstad, T. V. 1996: The distribution of CO2 between atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere; minimal influence from anthropogenic CO2 on the global "Greenhouse Effect".
In Emsley, J. (Ed.): The Global Warming Debate. The Report of the European Science and Environment Forum. Bourne Press Ltd., Bournemouth, Dorset, U.K. (ISBN 0952773406), pp. 41-50.
Segalstad, T. V. 1998: Carbon cycle modelling and the residence time of natural and anthropogenic atmospheric CO2:
on the construction of the "Greenhouse Effect Global Warming" dogma. In Bate, R. (Ed.): Global warming: the continuing debate. ESEF, Cambridge, U.K. (ISBN 0952773422), pp. 184-219.
WATCH my "CO2 Experiment".
This video shows that a candle floating on water, burning in the air inside a glass, converts the oxygen in the air to CO2. The water rises in the glass because the CO2, which replaced the oxygen, is quickly dissolved in the water.
The water contains calcium ions Ca++, because we initially dissolved calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 in the water. The CO2 produced during oxygen burning reacts with the calcium ions to produce solid calcium carbonate CaCO3, which is easily visible as a whitening of the water when we switch on a flashlight.
This little kitchen experiment demonstrates the inorganic carbon cycle in nature. The oceans take out our anthropogenic CO2 gas by quickly dissolving it as bicarbonate HCO3-, which in turn forms solid calcium carbonate either organically in calcareous organisms or precipitates inorganically.
The CaCO3 is precipitating and not dissolving during this process, because buffering in the ocean maintains a stable pH around 8. We also see that CO2 reacts very fast with the water, contrary to the claim by the IPCC that it takes 50 - 200 years for this to happen.
Try this for yourself in your kitchen!
SE HER mitt "CO2 Eksperiment".
Uten å kunne påberope meg noen ekspertise når det gjelder videoproduksjoner, har jeg laget en liten (bare 36 sekunder lang) video av et kjøkken-eksperiment med CO2. Eksperimentet er nesten det samme som de fleste av oss gjorde på skolen, for å vise at luften består av ca. en femtedel oksygen og ca. fire femtedeler nitrogen.
Eksperimentet viser at oksygen og nitrogen løses svært dårlig i vann, men at CO2 løses godt og raskt opp i vann.
Denne lille videoen viser at et lite stearinlys flytende på vannet, brenner i luften inni et glass som settes over, ved at oksygenet i luften brenner til CO2. Vannet stiger opp i glasset fordi CO2, som erstatter oksygenet, raskt oppløses i vannet. Vannet her inneholder kalsiumioner Ca++, fordi vi først løste opp kalsiumhydroksid Ca(OH)2 i vannet.
Den CO2 som ble produsert da oksygenet brant, reagerer med kalsiumionene for å danne fast kalsiumkarbonat CaCO3, som sees tydelig som en blakking av vannet når vi belyser det med lyset fra en lykt.
Dette lille kjøkken-eksperimentet demonstrerer den uorganiske karbonsyklusen i naturen. Oseanene tar ut vår menneskeskapte (antropogene) CO2-gass ved raskt å løse den opp som bikarbonat HCO3-, som videre feller ut fast kalsiumkarbonat med oseanenes oppløste kalsiumioner, enten organisk i kalkdannende organismer eller utfelles uorganisk.
Vi observerer at kalsiumkarbonat CaCO3 utfelles, og oppløses ikke ved denne prosessen, fordi bufring i oseanene gjør at det holdes en konstant pH rundt 8. Vi observerer også at CO2 løses meget raskt opp i vannet, stikk i strid med det som hevdes av FN's klimapanel IPCC, at det skulle ta 50 - 200 år før dette vil skje.
Prøv det selv hjemme i ditt eget kjøkken!
DOWNLOAD our report "Atmospheric CO2 and global warming: a critical review - 2nd revised edition"
by Jaworowski, Z., Segalstad, T.V. & Hisdal, V. (1992) published in Norsk Polarinstitutt [Norwegian Polar Institute] Meddelelser [Letters], Vol. 119, 76 pp. (PDF approx. 3.7 Mbytes).
Note that this best-selling issue is sold out, and will not be re-issued. The report is now downloadable here, with summary in Norwegian at the end of the report
[med norsk sammendrag på slutten av rapporten].
DOWNLOAD our paper "Do glaciers tell a true atmospheric CO2 story?"
by Jaworowski, Z., Segalstad, T.V. & Ono, N. (1992) published in the top international environmental scientific journal "Science of the Total Environment" Vol. 114, p. 227 - 284 (PDF approx. 6.5 Mbytes)
DOWNLOAD my paper on stable isotope analysis:
Segalstad, T. V. (1982): Stable Isotope Analysis. In: Stable Isotopes in Hydrocarbon Exploration, Norwegian Petroleum Society No. 6904, Stavanger, 21 pp (PDF approx. 4 Mbytes).
DOWNLOAD our paper on stable isotope analysis of juvenile CO2 from the Earth's mantle:
O'Reilly, S., Griffin, W. L. & Segalstad, T. V. (1990): The nature and role of fluids in the upper mantle: Evidence in xenoliths from Victoria, Australia. In Herbert, H. K. & Ho, S. E. (Eds.): Stable isotopes and fluids in mineralization. Geology Department & University Extension, The University of Western Australia Publ. 23, p. 315-323.
(PDF approx. 1.1 Mbytes).
REFERENCES TO SOME OF MY OTHER RELEVANT PAPERS ON CO2 IN ROCKS, ICE, MELTS, FLUIDS, AND AIR:
Segalstad, T. V. (1978): Petrology of the Skien basaltic rocks and the early basaltic (B1) volcanism of the Permian Oslo rift. In Neumann, E.-R. & Ramberg, I. B. (Eds.): Petrology and geochemistry of continental rifts. D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 209-216.
Anthony, E. Y., Segalstad, T. V. & Neumann, E.-R. (1987): Characterization of mantle source regions for alkali basalts from a continental rift zone: The Oslo Region, Norway. Geological Society of America Abstr. Progr. 19, p. 573.
Anthony, E. Y. & Segalstad, T. V. (1988): Unusual mantle source regions for nephelinite magmas from the Permian Oslo Rift, Norway. Geological Society (London) Newsletter 17, No. 1, p. 44.
Walder, I. F., Norman, D. I., Kyle, P. & Segalstad, T. V. (1991): Analysis of dissolved solids in fluid inclusion waters from the Drammen Granite, Norway. Geological Society of America Abstr. Progr. 23 (5), p. 148.
Walder, I. F., Norman, D. I. & Segalstad, T. V. (1991): Fluid inclusion gas analysis of hydrothermal vein molybdenum deposits associated with the Drammen granite in the Permian Oslo Rift, Norway. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 42, p. 195-203.
Walder, I. F., Norman, D. I., Kyle, P. R. & Segalstad, T. V. (1992): Hydrothermal fluid chemistry of fluid inclusion extracted gases and salts of the Drammen granites, Permian Oslo Rift, Norway. 20th Nordic Geologic Winter Meeting, Reykjavik, p. 181.
Jaworowski, Z., Segalstad, T. V. & Hisdal, V. 1990: Atmospheric CO2 and global warming: a critical review. Norsk Polarinstitutts Rapportserie 59, 1-75 & i-ii.
Jaworowski, Z., Hoff, P., Lund, W., Hagen, J.O. & Segalstad, T. V. (1990): Radial migration of impurities in the glacier ice cores. Norsk Polarinstitutt, 71 pp.
Segalstad, T. V. & Jaworowski, Z. (1991): CO2 og globalt klima. Kjemi 51 (10), p. 13-15.
Segalstad, T. V. (1997): Die CO2-Verteilung in Atmosphäre, Hydrospäre und Lithosphäre; minimale Auswirkung von anthropogenem CO2 auf den globalen Treibhaus-effekt. In Emsley, J. (Ed.): Die Klima-Diskussion. ESEF, Bourne Press Ltd., Bournemouth, Dorset, U.K., p. 36-48.
DOWNLOAD my "What is CO2 - friend or foe?" Invited Speaker
PowerPoint Presentation for the KTH International Climate Seminar, Stockholm, 11 Sept. 2006 (expanded version; approx. 6.5 Mbytes); updated 23 April 2008.
Samlede CO2-utslipp fra 1750 til idag vs. atmosfærisk CO2, beregnet fra de data IPCC baserer seg på:
Diagrammet viser at menneskenes utslipp av CO2 fra brenning av fossile brensler kan ikke være årsaken til stigningen i luftens CO2. Blå fylte punkter ("Siple-rå") er rådata fra Siple-iskjernen (Neftel et al. 1985). Blå sirkler ("Siple-jst") er "justerte" data fra Siple-iskjernen (iht. Friedli et al. 1986).
Røde sirkler ("M.Loa") er data fra Mauna Loa-vulkanen, Hawaii (Keeling et al. 2005). Grønt område er samlede utslipp beregnet fra Marland et al. 2007.
Accumulated CO2 emissions from 1750 to today vs. atmospheric CO2, computed from the data which IPCC uses:
The diagram shows that anthropogenic emissions of CO2 from burning of fossil fuels cannot be the reason for the increase in atmospheric CO2. Blue filled dots ("Siple-R") are raw data from the Siple ice core (Neftel et al. 1985). Blue circles ("Siple-A") are "adjusted" data from the Siple ice core (according to Friedli et al. 1986).
Red circles ("M.Loa") are data from the Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii (Keeling et al. 2005). Green area ("Cumul") are cumulative annual anthropogenic emissions computed from Marland et al. 2007.
LAST NED [DOWNLOAD] min artikkel "CO2 og klima - tukler vi med Jordens termostat?"
fra tidsskriftet Norsk Oljerevy, Vol. 22, Nr. 10, Side 16 - 28; 1996 (som 8 stk. innscannede grafiske JPG-bilder; hver ca. 200-300 kbytes)
[my paper "CO2 and climate - are we fumbling with the Earth's thermostat?" from the journal Norwegian Oil Review,
Vol. 22, No. 10, Page 16 - 28; 1996; in Norwegian]
LAST NED [DOWNLOAD] min kronikk
"Klimatrusel og dommedagsprofetier" fra Aftenposten, Vol. 130, Nr. 406, Side 10; 5. September 1989 (som PDF-fil; ca. 242 kbytes)
[my chronicle "Climate threat and doomsday prophecies" from the Norwegian national newspaper Aftenposten,
Vol. 130, No. 406, Page 10; 5 September 1989; in Norwegian].
My figure seeks to visualize that the atmosphere - ocean - limestone system is analogous to breathing CO2 into lime water precipitating solid calcium carbonate.
Sammendrag: Karbon og CO2 er fundamentet for alt liv på Jorden.
Luftens CO2 er i minimal mengde og med minimal evne (ca. 2%) til å påvirke drivhuseffekten i forhold til vanndamp (ca. 98%).
Karbonisotopene i luftens CO2 er det absolutte bevis på at menneskelig påvirkning er minimal (maksimalt 4%). CO2's
menneskeskapte andel på 4% av 2% av drivhuseffekten, gir altså en virkning på mindre enn 1 promille av drivhuseffekten. Dette er i en skyfri atmosfære.
Sammenligner vi med skyenes evne til å regulere drivhuseffekten (gjennom å tilbakeholde varme eller å reflektere innstråling fra Solen),
som er +/- 20-30%, blir virkningen fra CO2 neglisjerbar i klimasammenheng. Alle målinger viser at det er en økt innstråling fra Solen
som gir et varmere klima, tidligere kalt et optimalt klima. Men nå skal altså hele verden heller basere all menneskelig virksomhet på at politikere er blitt hjernevasket til å
TRO på en ikke bevist teori.
Abstract: Carbon and CO2 are fundamental for all life on Earth.
CO2 in air is in minimal amount and with minimal capacity (ca. 2%) to influence the "Greenhouse Effect" compared to water vapor (ca. 98%).
The carbon isotopes in the air's CO2 constitute the absolute proof that human influence on the "Greenhouse Effect" is minimal (maximum 4%).
Anthropogenic CO2 amounts to 4% of the 2% of the "Greenhouse Effect", hence an influence of less than 1 permil of the "Greenhouse Effect".
This is valid for a cloud-free atmosphere.
If we compare with the capability of the clouds to regulate the "Greenhouse Effect" (by retention of heat or reflection of solar radiation),
which is +/- 20-30%, the effect of atmospheric CO2 is negligible for climate. All measurements show that increasing incoming solar radiation
gives a warmer climate, previously called an optimum climate. But nowadays the whole world must base all human activities on brainwashed politicians, who BELIEVE in an unproven theory.
LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] an excellent paper by Arthur B. Robinson, Noah E. Robinson & Willie Soon
"Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide" from Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons, Vol. 12, Pages 79-90; 2007
(as PDF-file; approx. 5.7 Mbytes).
LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] an interesting paper by Alan Siddons & Joe D'Aleo:
"Carbon Dioxide: The Houdini of Gases" from http://icecap.us (PDF; 303 kbytes),
showing that humans cannot be responsible for the documented rise of carbon in the atmosphere --
not only do the numbers fail to match, but the numbers can't be made to match.
The graph above shows the rise in total atmospheric C in CO2 (in gigatonnes of carbon, red color)
since 1750, compared with anthropogenic (human) emissions of C in CO2 (in gigatonnes of carbon, green color).
Note that the green curve starts at zero in 1750, let to start at 590 Gt C for graphical reasons.
LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] an excellent paper by Dr. Zbigniew Jaworowski, for many years head of the UN Scientific Committee
on the Effects of Radiation (UNSCEAR)
"CO2 : The Greatest Scientific Scandal of Our Time" from EIR Science, 16 March 2007, Pages 38-53
(as PDF-file; approx. 571 kbytes).
LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] the paper by Dr. Joel M. Kauffman
"Climate Change Reexamined" from Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 21, No. 4, Pages 723-749, 2007
(as PDF-file; 381 kbytes).
LINK TO a report on Dr. Vincent Grey's experiences with IPCC:
"The whole process is a swindle". Dr. Grey has been a member of all IPCC Expert Reviewer panels since IPCC's inception.
LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] Dr. Vincent Gray's report
"THE GLOBAL WARMING SCAM" from April 2008 (as PDF file; ~1.5 Mbytes).
LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] the paper by Zbigniew Jaworowski
"Sun warms and cools the Earth" published in New Zealand Centre for Political Research (NZPRC), 20 September 2008 (PDF file; 1.5 Mbytes).
LINK TO Daniel Engber's article
"The new statistical rhetoric of climate change". This article has relevance on how to understand the IPCC 4th Assessment Report, where its lead authors have been told to use
"Calibrated Language",
using elements of statistical terminology to decribe their subjective "expert judgments".
According to the "IPCC Guidance Notes", their "Quantitatively calibrated levels of confidence" means
for "Medium confidence" "about 5 out of 10 chance".
There is hence a "medium confidence" of getting heads or tails by flipping a coin, or an answer like "yes" or "no" to a question. I would call this pure chance instead of medium confidence.
In statistics we were taught to make numerical estimates based on probabilities of a large population, in order to be allowed to use statistical expressions. Not like IPCC using statistical expressions based on subjective expert judgments! In this way IPCC is making a false impression that serious numerical statistical estimates have been made, while they have not.
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon at the UN climate conference in Bali, December 2007. [Sonny Tumbelaka/AFP/Getty Images/National Post.]
LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] the
Open Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations by more than 100 concerned top scientists:
"UN climate conference taking the World in entirely the wrong direction"; dated December 13, 2007 (as PDF-file; 78 kbytes).
LINK TO the
Another open Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations by more than 125 concerned top scientists
in the Financial Post:
"Current scientific knowledge does not substantiate Ban Ki-Moon assertions on weather and climate -
Policy actions that aim to reduce CO2 emissions are unlikely to influence future climate. Policies need to focus on preparations for, and adaption to, all dangerous climate events, however caused";
dated November 29, 2012.
Participating scientists at the Global Change Hearing in the US Congress May 30, 2000. Front (L-R): Wibjörn Karlén (Sweden), Peter Dietze (Germany), Fred Singer (USA), Ross McKitrick (Canada),
Hugh Ellsaesser (USA), Richard Courtney (United Kingdom). Back (L-R): Vincent Gray (New Zealand), Keith Idso (USA), Gerd-Rainer Weber (Germany), Pål Brekke (Norway), Douglas Hoyt (USA),
Tom V. Segalstad (Norway). Missing: Albert Arking (USA), David Wojick (USA).
See there the 2008 MANHATTAN DECLARATION signed by some 500 climate scientists, concluding that "Global Warming" is not a Global Crisis.
DOWNLOAD the report "The Sky is NOT Falling" by the
"Carbon Sense Coalition" (as PDF-file; approx. 161 kbytes) opposing the Australian Garnaut Climate Change Review.
DOWNLOAD
"The NIPCC Report" (as PDF-file; approx. 4.3 Mbytes) as of 3 March 2008, opposing the scientific basis of the IPCC Report.
DOWNLOAD
the final 2009 NIPCC Report: "Climate Change Reconsidered" (as PDF-file; approx. 7.6 Mbytes), opposing the scientific basis of the IPCC Report, edited by Craig Idso & S. Fred Singer;
with contributions from 35 other international scientists (including Tom V. Segalstad).
LINK to the NIPCC (Non-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) report and book project HERE.
Tom V. Segalstad Assoc. Professor Emeritus of Resource- and Environmental Geochemistry; and
Former Head, Geological Museum of the Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway; and
Former Head of the Natural History Museum and the Botanical Garden, University of Oslo, Norway.
Former Expert Reviewer with the UN IPCC,
the United Nation's Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change.
Created 29 June 1997; established at www.CO2web.info 15 March 2008;
updated 1 June 2019.
CO2 is a non-toxic gas; no pollutant;
we use it a lot in our daily life (soda "pop" and other carbonated drinks like beer and champagne; baking soda; fire extinguishers; life jackets; and more...); and it has
only a trace concentration in the air (some 0.04% by volume - as in a dry atmosphere). CO2 is FUNDAMENTAL for most organic life on Earth (photosynthesis
and breathing), which supplies us with the vital oxygen, which we need to breathe in order to survive. More CO2 and solar energy will make the plants produce more oxygen - and more carbohydrates, i.e. our food.
Some 9 million people die of hunger every year. More CO2 in the air would therefore be the best for humanity! This message I have delivered at hearings in the Norwegian Parliament (Oslo), the European Parliament (Brussels), and the US Senate (Washington, D.C.),
where I have said that actions with the intent of reducing the atmosphere's content of the gas of life CO2 violate the declarations of Human Rights!
![Download my Norwegian Oil Review article [in Norwegian] (PDF; 1.5 Mbyte).](norolje.jpg)
![The atmosphere - ocean - limestone system is analogous to breathing CO2 into lime water precipitating solid calcium carbonate.
Download my Aftenposten chronicle [in Norwegian] (PDF; 242 kbytes).](C-profile-en.gif)
